Which of the following describes a move away from capitalism?

The nationalization of major industries in Hugo Chavez's Venezuela is a clear example of a move away from capitalism, which typically emphasizes private ownership and minimal government interference in the economy. In this scenario, the government took control of key industries, including oil, telecommunications, and electricity, effectively shifting economic power from private entities to state control.

Capitalism thrives on competition and private investment; thus, nationalizing industries directly contradicts these principles by centralizing economic resources and limiting private enterprise. By placing major sectors of the economy under state ownership, Chavez aimed to redistribute wealth and control resources to benefit the population—a hallmark of more socialist or collectivist economic structures, which diverge significantly from capitalist models.

This approach contrasts with the other options, which reflect varying degrees of interaction with capitalism rather than a fundamental shift away from it. For instance, Sweden's 1980s cutback on social programs and economic reforms in the United States after the Great Depression were efforts to rectify or adjust the existing capitalist framework rather than abandon it. Similarly, the transformation of the former Soviet Union to today's Russia represents a complex transition, but it does not solely denote a move away from capitalism as the country has adopted certain capitalist practices post-Soviet era.