Which of the following is a form of instability that reverses economic growth?

A recession is characterized by a significant decline in economic activity across the economy that lasts for an extended period, typically visible in real GDP, income, employment, manufacturing, and retail sales. It represents a substantial contraction in economic output and can lead to a range of negative consequences, such as increased unemployment and decreased consumer confidence. As businesses scale back their operations, investment levels drop, further suppressing economic growth.

In contrast, deflation refers to a decrease in the overall price level of goods and services, which may also result in economic instability but is not primarily identified as a reversal of growth; rather, it can be a symptom of broader economic challenges. Frictional unemployment is a natural component of a dynamic economy, arising from the time it takes for individuals to transition between jobs, and does not inherently reverse economic growth. Creeping inflation, while it can lead to economic distortions, generally indicates economic growth rather than a retraction.

Thus, a recession distinctly represents a downturn in the economy's performance, making it the correct choice that aligns with the concept of instability reversing economic growth.